The Ugliness of War in Wilfred Owens Dulce et Decorum...

The Ugliness of War in Wilfred Owens Dulce et Decorum est Wilfred Owens Dulce et Decorum est is seen as a strong expression of the ugliness of war, and an attack on the idea of war being glorious (Kerr 48). It transmits an irritating clip, with full animation and in vivid colors, of embittered and battered soldiers marching to their death. It also, cogently presents a nightmarish vision of hell uploading all its demons into the root directory of an impoverished soldier who saw one of his comrades gassed to death. The images that Owen confected with the skill of a professional craftsman remain grafted in the readers memory long after the poem is read, echoing its sober message times and times again. The soldiers voice†¦show more content†¦In spite of his attempt at, what might seem to some critics, some colloquialism, Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, blood-shod, the poem is marked by its high diction and entrancing expression that smell of the styles of previous generations of traditional poets. In short, the poem with its imitation of conventional poetic form, excellence of diction, elevated language, and persuasion effect is a paradigm of what Longinus terms the sublime in expression. A thorough examination of the poem reveals the Longinus sublimity of articulation through the use of adjuration (l. 25), asyndeton (l. 2, 3), accumulation of figures of speech (l. 1-6), hyperbaton (l. 3, 13), periphrasis (l. 4) and familiar language in its right place (l.1, 2, 9, 20). The manipulation of these figures of speech wrapped in traditional rhymes and cadences cannot possibly represent the actual idiom of a wretched, battered and embittered soldier, during an intensely traumatic moment of his life. This failure of representation confirms my suspicion that the poet at the moment of composing the text has never felt the intensity of the experience described by the traumatized soldier. It is true that Owen joined the war; and it is true that he tragically died in the front few days before the end of the war, yet he seems to have made peace with war. His published letters from the front to his family do not reflect, even from a distance, the soldiers sentiment and emotion in Dulce et Decorum est. OnShow MoreRelatedDulce Et Decorum Est2255 Words   |  10 Pages «Dulce et decorum est », Wilfred Owen (1917, 1920)  «Dulce et decorum est » is a poem written by British poet Wilfred Owen, during World War one, in 1917. The translation of the Latin title is:  «It is sweet and proper ». The completed sentence is as follows:  «It is sweet and proper to die for ones country ». This forms, what the writer refers to as,  «The old Lie ». The poem holds a strong criticism towards the conventional view of war at that written time. I shall now comment briefly on that timesRead MoreDulce Et Decorum Est2249 Words   |  9 Pages «Dulce et decorum est », Wilfred Owen (1917, 1920)  «Dulce et decorum est » is a poem written by British poet Wilfred Owen, during World War one, in 1917. The translation of the Latin title is:  «It is sweet and proper ». The completed sentence is as follows:  «It is sweet and proper to die for ones country ». This forms, what the writer refers to as,  «The old Lie ». The poem holds a strong criticism towards the conventional view of war at that written time. I shall now comment briefly on that times

A Research Study On Infant Feeding Practices - 1552 Words

Breastfeeding may be natural by evolutionary standards, but it is not always simple. As a researcher with particular interests in human breast milk and infant growth and development, I often receive questions from friends and family about the infamous breastfeeding versus formula debate. The physiological intercommunication between mother and offspring has always fascinated me, especially the fluctuations in breast milk composition over time. The type of food an infant is â€Å"supposed to† intake – breast milk – is not always an option due to various physiological or exogenous factors. Here, I review the nutritional composition of breast milk and infant formula, focusing on macronutrients – protein, fat, and carbohydrates. In addition, I attempt to tease apart the role of early-life nutrition beyond the confines of physiology and health, and discuss historical and cultural information regarding infant feeding practices in the United States. Ultimately, I hope to convey that food choices, especially the foods we give to our offspring, cannot be reduced to either biology or culture, and instead are a unique union of the two. Breast milk production is unique to the mammalian species (the name ‘mammalian’ is derived from the anatomical mammary gland). It is produced by the mother post-delivery, and is generally the first form of food that an infant will consume. Breast milk is ideal for infant nutritional requirements because its composition is individually designed to fit uniqueShow MoreRelatedThe Initiation Of Breastfeeding Remains A National Initiative1085 Words   |  5 Pagesinitiative in order to improve neonatal outcomes, this is especially true for the preterm infant. Obstetricians, midwives, neonatologists, and nurses can take the opportunity when presented with an impending preterm delivery to educate the parents (particularly the mother) of the significance of providing her infant with human milk (HM), predominantly in the first two weeks of life. The following research studies present evidence of a decrease in morbidities, specifically necrotizing enterocolitisRead MoreA Researc h Study On Nursing Practice1604 Words   |  7 PagesNursing practice is always evolving as new studies and new findings are discovered. As practicing nurses, it becomes our job to stay up to date with these findings and effectively implement them into our daily practice in efforts to enhance the quality of care our patients receive and to provide them with the best possible outcomes. Many nursing practices are implemented into daily care only after research studies have been conducted. The evidence provided from these studies helps the populationRead MoreDental Care: Prolonged Baby Bottle Feeding: a Health Risk Factor1629 Words   |  7 PagesDental Care: Prolonged Baby Bottle Feeding: A Health Risk Factor Abstract Deysi is a 2-year-old girl who lives with her parents in a one-bedroom apartment. Her mother and father work outside of the home, approximately 10 hours/day. Child care is provided by a network of women who include licensed home-based providers and a variety of friends and extended family members. On most evenings, Deysis father picks her up from the child care site and gives her a fresh bottle of chocolate-flavoredRead MoreBreast Milk : An Ideological Framework That Enabled The Canadian Government Essay1208 Words   |  5 PagesCanadian government to control and dictate the bodies of marginalized peoples. Despite the associated benefits to both the child and the mother, breast milk rhetoric in the Canadian context was developed by breastfeeding supporters to reclaim infant-feeding. Since the early 1960s, the Canadian government, the World Health Organization (WHO), and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) argued for a return to breastfeeding because of its associated health benefits to both the mother and child.Read MoreCultural and Ethnic Studies682 Words   |  3 Pagesestablish before hand the scope and limitations of your paper and this will be the foundation of your research paper outline. Basically, your outline will constitute three main parts namely the Introduction, the Body and the Conclusion. But to make sure your paper is complete, consult your instructor for specific parts he/she wants to be included in your research paper. Sample outlines for research papers will be given later on. But first, let us discuss the main parts of your paper and what informationRead MoreStudy Analysis : Breast Feeding Vs. Formula Feeding And Overweight Infants1183 Words   |  5 PagesStudy Analysis: Breast Feeding vs. Formula Feeding and Overweight Infants Abbey Gunderson Florida Gulf Coast University Abstract The study Exclusively Breastfed Overweight Infants are at the Same Risk of Childhood Overweight as Formula Fed Overweight Infants, investigates whether exclusively breastfed overweight infants have the same risks of becoming overweight in childhood as overweight infants who are formula fed. This study found that exclusively breastfed infants who are overweight encounterRead MoreEssay on Infant Formula: Good, Bad or Innocuous1676 Words   |  7 Pageshas been a need for alternative feeding methods for infants. Whether because of an issue with the mother’s milk supply or because of death of the mother, there have always been children that required the use of something other than their own mother’s milk. In more recent history, alternative feeding has also been used as a convenience. Prior to the development of infant formula in 1865, animal milk and wet nurses were used to accomplish the feeding of orphaned infants or others whose mothers couldRead MoreThe Importance Of Breastfeeding Versus Bottle Feeding1452 Words   |  6 Pages Wouldn’t it be easier if there was a single book of guidelines for how to care for infants that was used and respected at a global level? Certain aspects of infant care around the world tend to be controversial topics; therefore it can be difficult to decide which guidelines to follow. For example, when it comes to things like the importance of breastfeeding versus bottle feeding, or how long an infant should be breastfed, you will likely get different opinions depending on whom and where you askRead MoreFeeding the Children of HIV-Infected Mothers: The Arguments for Formula and Breastfeeding1534 Words   |  7 PagesHIV-infected women in developing countries are faced with a difficult choice. Do they breastfeed their infant and potentially transmit the disease through breastmilk, or do they use supplemental feedings of expensive synthetic formula. Many women that desire to use supplemental feedings lack the fina ncial means or necessary equipment to be able to provide adequate nutrition. There is the distinct risk that even if they are able to use supplemental formula unclean water could expose their child gastrointestinalRead MoreSocio Demographic Characteristics Of Mothers Essay1089 Words   |  5 PagesResults Socio-demographic characteristics Out of 423eligible mothers, 405 were participated in this study, which made a response rate of 95.7%. More than half (58.8%) of mothers were below 30 years. Most (95.6%) of mothers were Amhara by ethinicity. With regard to educational status, 242(59.8%) mothers were educated. Around one fivith (20.4%) of study participants were employed mothers. The average household income of the respondents was 1524.26 Ethiopian birr per month (standard deviation (SD) +

Parmemides and Heraclitus on change Essay Example For Students

Parmemides and Heraclitus on change Essay Heraclitus argued there was a single divine law of the universe, which rules and guides the cosmos. This is the Logos. He said that the logos both underlies and governs change. Heraclitus compares the logos to fire an element that is always changing yet always the same. For example he said, The sun is new each day.(Curd Pg. 38 88) His view was that all things are derived from a single arche or starting point and that as now constituted all things are organized within a single world structure or Kosmos. (5.17 Robinson) In other words all things are one. In Heraclitean cosmology the components turn into one another according to certain rules. The struggle between the opposites will always be evenly balanced, gains in one region by one force being always simultaneously offset by equal gains elsewhere by the opposed force. Some examples would be Fire lives the death of earth and air lives the death of fire, water lives the death of air, earth that of water. (Maximus of Tyre 41.4)Another example would be the changes of fire: first sea, and of sea half is earth, half fiery thunderbolt . . . . earth is dispersed as sea, and is measured out in the same proportion as before it became earth.(5.16 Robinson) Heraclitus also has the idea of alternates, the thought that if there is a road going down there must be one going up. With this the idea of opposing forces comes into play. When one force gains the other has to loose the same amount because the change has to be equal. In the case of fire it is kindled in measures as it is being extinguished in measures. Water is another element that is always changing. His reasoning for this is that you can not step into the same river twice. The water is always moving, swirling and flowing. The area of the river may be the same but it is always changing. If it did not flow it would cease to be a river. Both fire and water are in perpetual motion. Heraclitus said, even the posset separates if it is not stirred. Things are always in motion though they may stay the same. Parmenides view on change is just the opposite of Heraclitus in that nothing changes and everything is at rest. Everything is and there is not nothing. If a person can think something then it is something. A person cant think of nothing. For you could not know what is not that is impossible nor could you express it. (6.5 Robinson) But to think about something and it really existing are two different things. Parmenides sums that thought up by saying, that which is there to be spoken and thought of must be. For it is possible for it to be, but not possible for nothing to be. (Simplicus 86.27-28) Change is impossible because for change to happen it has to stop being what it is and become something else. That goes against his whole theory. First for something to stop being would mean it would become nothing and that is impossible and second to become something else would mean something would have to come from nothing. An example of this would be the different colors of the leaves on a tree in the fall. The leaf would have to stop being green and become the other color. Parmenides thinks souls are eternal. As far as he is concerned we dont just come into existence or pass away. That would mean that we come from nothing. Parmenides said But since there is a furthest limit, it is complete, on all sides like the bulk of a well-rounded ball, evenly balanced in way from the middle; for it must be not all greater or smaller here than there.(Curd pg.48 42) Every thing is contained within the limit. Nothing can move or ch ange because it is contained within the boundary. .u615680b21802fbcd2c1167f5578d8e38 , .u615680b21802fbcd2c1167f5578d8e38 .postImageUrl , .u615680b21802fbcd2c1167f5578d8e38 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u615680b21802fbcd2c1167f5578d8e38 , .u615680b21802fbcd2c1167f5578d8e38:hover , .u615680b21802fbcd2c1167f5578d8e38:visited , .u615680b21802fbcd2c1167f5578d8e38:active { border:0!important; } .u615680b21802fbcd2c1167f5578d8e38 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u615680b21802fbcd2c1167f5578d8e38 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u615680b21802fbcd2c1167f5578d8e38:active , .u615680b21802fbcd2c1167f5578d8e38:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u615680b21802fbcd2c1167f5578d8e38 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u615680b21802fbcd2c1167f5578d8e38 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u615680b21802fbcd2c1167f5578d8e38 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u615680b21802fbcd2c1167f5578d8e38 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u615680b21802fbcd2c1167f5578d8e38:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u615680b21802fbcd2c1167f5578d8e38 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u615680b21802fbcd2c1167f5578d8e38 .u615680b21802fbcd2c1167f5578d8e38-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u615680b21802fbcd2c1167f5578d8e38:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Stephen Crane On Heroism EssayOf the two arguments I agree more with Heraclitus than Parmenides. I think that everything is always changing. If nothing changed this world would stay the same. To say that fire and water are always in motion and changing are the best arguments I see in his idea. I could not get into Parmenides argument at all it was too much. To say that nothing changes is totally absurd. Bibliography:Biliography1. An Introduction to Early Greek Philosophy Author: Robinson, John MansleyHoughton Mifflin Company Boston 19682. A Presocratics Reader Author Curd, PatriciaHackett Publishing Co., Inc. Indianapolis 1995

Traveling Down The Road free essay sample

Describe how the experiences you’ve had, the people you’ve met, and the activities you’ve joined have prepared you to reflect the honesty, integrity, and willingness to give back as expected of a Daniels Scholar. Life is full of adventures, and it’s our choice to choose the right path or not. During our long journey to success, we always make little mistakes, but learn them a long the way. It is a part of life that we explore, have fun, and to try something different for a change. Maybe to make the best time for today and in the future so it won’t always be boring and difficult. Life is like an obstacle course, it has many challenges that we have to go through that can make us struggle. Life has many difficulties that we all face that makes us weak, but later on we get stronger by learning them. We will write a custom essay sample on Traveling Down The Road or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My life is being compared to a car on a long drive. A new car that has never been driven before is like me walking for the first time and start to explore new things and new areas that I’ve never seen or been to. My ideas and my way of life started to open up more. I wanted to try new things and have fun with my friends in my old quiet neighbor hood. Later on when I was a little bit older, I start to realize that life is not always perfect. Experiencing that un-perfect life was a hard thing to deal with. It was difficult for me to face and made me weak, but later on I got stronger everyday. I tried not to deal with my emotions and tried to make things right again. My road was rough like a dirt rocky road going up a mountain, then turned out to be smooth like a pavement road. The rough areas were starting to go away into the smooth areas. I got my emotions together to start a new era. I started changing the person who I am. I was little and weak transformed into young women wi th stronger emotions. When school was about to start again in the year 2003, I was starting to be a fifth grader and be in a new school called Skyview Elementary. I had no friends for the longest time till this girl name Morgan started talking to me. I noticed for a couple of days that she didn’t have any friends either. Morgan and I started to hang out more during recess and after school during the year. I thought to myself that my life is starting to get better, until I met her dark side that I never knew she had. One day during recess we were playing a game on the play ground. She taught me how to play a game that I’ve never heard. I listen to the instructions carefully and thought I understood clear enough. When we played, Morgan stopped the game right away. She yelled at me saying I was playing it all wrong. We tried playing it again. She stopped then slapped me in the face. I got mad and asked â€Å"Why did you slap me for?†. She yelled back at me said â⠂¬Å"You’re playing it wrong†. We stopped playing and hardly talk to each other after that. During the school years through middle school, I was alone at first, trying to get use to a new big school and new faces around. Later on I made new friends, bad friends that I always got in trouble with, but I started getting mature and getting my act straightened out. During my freshman year in high school, I started to make better friends along the way. I met my best friend Ashley during my freshman year. We’ve been friends for three years now and we always help each other when we are in need of help. Our three years of friendship, we’ve only gotten into two little fights, but we always work things out. Together till the end, the friendship will last in our memories and in our journey. My life hasn’t always been successful in my journey, but it isn’t over yet. In journey, I will keep going to my success. I will not give up on my pride and integrity. I will be strong.

The Use of Mise

The Use of Mise-en-Scene Transformers and Bad Boys II Essay Transformers and Bad Boys II were both directed by Michael Bay. Transformers is a science fiction film about huge human-like robots who come to earth from outer space. Bad Boys II is a movie about two cops who are on the drug task force in Miami. Director Bay uses mise-en-scene quite differently in both films. However there are a few similarities with each. He also uses a wide variety of camera shots, lighting, and angles in each film to portray different things. Each film has a different genre so Mr. Bay uses different techniques in each to convey the message he is trying to send the viewer. We will write a custom essay on The Use of Mise-en-Scene Transformers and Bad Boys II specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Through analyzing the mise-en-scene used in each film we can understand what the director is trying to show the viewer. The scene I am going to use from Transformers is the scene where the Autobots first meet up with Sam and Mikayla in a back alley. This scene begins with Sam and Mikayla entering a back alley from one direction and the Autobots entering the alley from the other direction. The design of this scene is very ambiguous. It is set at night and in a back alley that is very dimly lit with lots of smoke and objects to impede the viewer’s view. I feel like the director used this approach because he wanted to build suspense for the first shot of the Transformers on the big screen. He knew the viewers would be anxious to see these huge machines transform for the first time and wanted to build as much suspense as possible up until that moment when the viewer can first see the how they looked and the size of the Transformers compared to humans. The composition of this scene is such that the director wants to show the size of the Transformers compared to humans. One part of the scene is shot from behind Sam and Mikayla as they look up to a fully transformed Optimus Prime. From this Point of View you can see just how massive the Transformers are compared to that of Sam and Mikayla. Also, Optimus is standing in between two buildings and you can tell that he is at least 30 to 40 feet tall because his head is 3 or 4 stories up the building. The director uses the frame in these shots to show the viewers the sheer size of the Transformer Optimus Prime. Through showing the viewer his size the director shows how powerful and well respected these characters should be in this film. He also shows Optimus’ size compared to that of the other Autobots. Because Optimus is much taller and the first to speak to Sam and Mikayla the director shows that Optimus is the leader of the Autobots. The scene I chose from Bad Boys II was after the Miami PD and DEA bust the transport of ecstasy in the Miami harbor. The bad guys happen to capture Marcus’ sister in the process and take her by plane back to their stronghold in Cuba. During the flight the bad guy calls Marcus to set up a switch between his drugs and Marcus’ sister. The design of this scene is very serious and important. It begins with a close up shot of Marcus receiving the call from the bad guy. This shows the viewer that Marcus is a very important part of this section of the film. The scene then jumps to inside the plane where the bad guy has Marcus’ sister and is talking with Marcus over the phone. When the bad guy is shown in the scene he is being shot from the ground up. .ud42aa1a165220ea63ff3d91a6b2342c5 , .ud42aa1a165220ea63ff3d91a6b2342c5 .postImageUrl , .ud42aa1a165220ea63ff3d91a6b2342c5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud42aa1a165220ea63ff3d91a6b2342c5 , .ud42aa1a165220ea63ff3d91a6b2342c5:hover , .ud42aa1a165220ea63ff3d91a6b2342c5:visited , .ud42aa1a165220ea63ff3d91a6b2342c5:active { border:0!important; } .ud42aa1a165220ea63ff3d91a6b2342c5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud42aa1a165220ea63ff3d91a6b2342c5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud42aa1a165220ea63ff3d91a6b2342c5:active , .ud42aa1a165220ea63ff3d91a6b2342c5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud42aa1a165220ea63ff3d91a6b2342c5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud42aa1a165220ea63ff3d91a6b2342c5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud42aa1a165220ea63ff3d91a6b2342c5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud42aa1a165220ea63ff3d91a6b2342c5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud42aa1a165220ea63ff3d91a6b2342c5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud42aa1a165220ea63ff3d91a6b2342c5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud42aa1a165220ea63ff3d91a6b2342c5 .ud42aa1a165220ea63ff3d91a6b2342c5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud42aa1a165220ea63ff3d91a6b2342c5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Movie Review - Taken 3 EssayThis shows the viewer that he is a powerful character and that what he says to Marcus should not be taken lightly. Also, the bad guys costume is that of a business man with a nice suit. This shows that not only is the character financially able to do whatever is necessary to get what he wants, but also that he is an intelligent man capable of many different things; whether good or bad. The composition of this shot mainly shows the relationship between the two main characters, Marcus and Mike. As the scene progresses it shows Marcus standing up. This shows the viewer that what the bad guy is telling Marcus is extremely important and troubling to him. The scene then rotates over in front of Marcus and shows Mike also standing up with a concerned look as he tries to understand what’s going on with his partner. This not only shows the bond between the two partners, but it also shows that Mike has Marcus’ back no matter how large the circumstances. When Marcus hangs up the phone and says to Mike â€Å"shit just got real,† the concerned look on Mikes face shows all you need to know about the love shared between these two characters. As you can see Michel Bay was able to use mise-en-scene in ways that showed exactly what he was trying to portray to the viewers. Although both these films genres are very different, Director Bay used many of the same characteristics throughout both of these films. Of course, that is what makes each director unique is that they like to use certain shots and techniques for each film that they direct. Through just these two shots it can be seen how much mise-en-scene means to each and every film made today.

The Earth Has 3 Trillion Trees

The Earth Has 3 Trillion Trees The calculations are in and a recent study has revealed some rather shocking results regarding the number of trees on the planet. According to researchers at Yale University, there are 3 trillion trees on Earth at any given moment. Thats 3,000,000,000,000. Whew! Its 7.5 times more trees than previously thought! And that adds up to roughly 422 trees for every person on the planet. Pretty good, right? Unfortunately, researchers also estimate that it is only half the number of trees that were on the planet before humans came along. So just how did they come up with those numbers? A team of international researchers from 15 countries used  satellite imagery, tree surveys, and supercomputer technologies to map tree populations around the world - down the square kilometer. The results are the most comprehensive count of the worlds trees that has ever been undertaken. You can check out all of the data over at the journal Nature. The study was inspired by the global youth organization Plant for the Planet- a group that aims to plant trees around the world to reduce the effects of climate change. They asked researchers at Yale for the estimated global population of trees. At the time, researchers thought there were about 400 billion trees on the planet- thats 61 trees per person.   But researchers knew that this was just a ballpark guess as it used satellite imagery and forest area estimates but it did not incorporate any hard data from the ground.  Thomas Crowther, a postdoctoral fellow at the Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies and lead author of the study, put together a team that studied tree populations using not only satellites but also  tree-density information through national forest inventories and tree counts that had been verified at the ground level. Through their inventories, researchers were also able to confirm that the largest forest areas in the world are in the tropics. Roughly 43 percent of the worlds trees can be found in this area. The locations with the highest densities of trees were  the sub-arctic regions of Russia, Scandinavia and North America. Researchers hope that this inventory- and the new data regarding the number of trees in the world- will result in improved information about the role and importance of the worlds trees- particularly when it comes to biodiversity and carbon storage. But they also think that it serves as a warning about the effects that human populations have already had on the worlds trees.  Deforestation, habitat loss, and poor forest-management practices result in the loss of over 15 billion trees each year, according to the study. This affects not only the number of trees on the planet, but also the diversity. The study noted that tree density and diversity drops drastically as the number of humans on the planet increases. Natural factors such as drought, flooding, and insect infestations also play a role in the loss of forest density and diversity. Weve nearly halved the number of trees on the planet, and weve seen the impacts on climate and human health as a result, Crowther said in a statement released by Yale. This study highlights how much more effort is needed if we are to restore healthy forests worldwide. Source Ehrenberg, Rachel. Global count reaches 3 trillion trees. Nature, September 2, 2015.

Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Business Law - Essay Example The court did not find specific performance as a legal remedy in this case for the reason that it was impossible to compel the Wentz to sell the carrots to Campbell unwillingly. In the final ruling, the court refused to help Campbell in reinforcing the case because Campbell had formulated an unconscionable contract that provided him with unreasonable privileges to control the farmers. For instance, he could dictate to whom the farmers would sell the carrots they could not buy after the harvest. To avoid instances of unconscionable contracts in the future, Campbell soup requires to exercise fairness in the contract by involving farmers during the contract formulation process (Blum, 2007). The Uniform Commercial Code Under UCC 2-302, a person who buys goods at an exaggerated price stands a better chance to exit a contract more than a person who is involved in the purchase of non-food products. The principle of fairness requires that all contracts be treated as equally binding regardles s of the participants of the contract. However, the UCC law seems to contradict this law by exercising favoritism for people with unequal bargaining power. It would be more ethical if the court upheld treated all citizens on the same platform as long as the at the signing of the contract each party is aware of the terms of the contract; They have the will to sign it or refuse to sign (Collins, 2009). In the scenario of Ace heating and Cooling Company, although Glamour and Shady restaurant are familiar with the terms of the contract, the purchase conditions are incomparable. While Glamour purchased the Freezy to protect the health of old patients, Shady restaurants bought the Freezy out of not urgency. Glamour’s purchased the goods to protect the rights of people who have a low bargaining power, unlike Shady’s customers. Employment-at Will The employment-at-will Act allows the employer to fire an employee without any substantial reason to do so, and as they deem fit for the organization. Unless there is a contract of employment or evidence of discrimination, fired employees cannot obtain a legal protection from a court of law. While it is considerate to allow employers to fire employees at their own discretion, this rule has been applied to inflict discrimination in the labor market. For instance, ABC news reported a case where a woman was fired on the ground that she was irresistible and was a threat to marriages. When the Supreme Court ruled against the woman and justified the action of the employer, the case attracted a lot of controversy since this termination of employment was perceived as an incidence of illegal female discrimination. The fact that the court granted rehearing of the case, it can be considered as evidence of inconsistency in court decision due to a weakness in the law regarding the firing of employees (Doyle, 2013). To avoid such inconsistencies and misinterpretation of the law regarding firing, the law should not allow firin g for no reason policy. A Principal’s Responsibility for the Actions of Their Agent The action of Steve, a Big Mart employee, to check their customer, Karen, is part of the responsibility he owes to their employer. The fact that Karen did not go through the check counter raises a question and hence Steve’s action to scrutinize her is an act of good faith. Since Karen has no tangible evidence to show that Steve had a malicious intention, she is not justified to sue for defamation or

(A BIG CITY) traffic congestion Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

(A BIG CITY) traffic congestion - Term Paper Example In cases where the traffic congestion proves to be a major liability, the government then has to come in and devise a strategy that will reduce the traffic congestion within the city or country. In some cities, their governments have done a remarkable job in reducing traffic congestion in their cities. It would be great if there were a situation where the government succeeded in dealing with this problem of traffic congestion. Unfortunately, there is still work to be done in other major cities. A good example of a city that still has traffic congestion problems is Los Angeles in the United States. The city of Los Angeles is one of the major cities in the world that is experiencing traffic congestion. With most people going to work by vehicles, the traffic congestion for most individuals leads to a loss of about 59 hours per year t commuters as they sit in traffic. It was mainly because of industrialization and development in this region, which led to many people migrating to Los Angeles. These factors created job opportunities for many people as well as a chance to live in a progressing area. People wanted to move closer to work, which led to the existence of a large population in Los Angeles. Most of the trips made along this area have a lot to do with work. For most people, they find it more convenient to own a personal vehicle, which will enable them have the luxury and comfort of driving themselves to work or wherever they are needed. It however also includes women who are going for shopping or dropping off their children at daycares. As a result, just about everyone in t his city is affected by the traffic congestion conditions surrounding them. As a result of this severe condition of traffic congestion in Los Angeles, there are several methods of reducing the severity of the situation. These include the government and the occupants of this major city. The government can revisit the structure of the road systems in Los Angeles and develop a different

Capital asset pricing model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Capital asset pricing model - Essay Example Capital Asset Pricing Model is a tool extensively used to value assets in the financial sector. It has been extensively used in calculating the required return of investment products. The capital asset pricing model was introduced in the 1960s by William Sharpe; Required Return: Risk free rate + ? (Average Market Return –Risk free rate) Where ? is the beta value of the financial asset The basic assumptions of this model pose as disadvantageous for this model to be considered as a perfect representative of required return calculation. One of its basic assumptions is that investors are holding diversified portfolios that are emulating the average market return; implying that the unsystematic risk is eliminated from the risk versus return calculation of the investor. On the whole, investors do try and make diversified portfolios in such a way that it portfolio return complements or exceeds the market return. Therefore, this assumption is not a big concern and is fairly reasonable (Eugene, 2010). Another assumption is that it can only account for single period transition horizon and usually a single year is used for comparison between two securities. This is another reasonable assumption as investors usually quote returns on an annual basis even if they hold a security for a longer period (Eugene, 2010). The assumption that the average investor can borrow at risk free rate is misleading.

Leadership Styles Of Bill Gates History Essay

Leadership Styles Of Bill Gates History Essay Leadership style is the manner and approach of providing direction, implementing plans, and motivating people. Kurt Lewin (1939) led a group of researchers to identify different styles of leadership. This early study has been very influential and established three major leadership styles. The three major styles of leadership are   Authoritarian or autocratic Participative or democratic Delegative or Free Reign Although good leaders use all three styles, with one of them normally dominant, bad leaders tend to stick with one style. In my essay I have selected two leaders as follows. 1.BILL GATES. 2.LAXMI MITTAL. BILL GATES. A middle-aged caucasian man wearing business attire and glasses The co-founder of Microsoft has been consistently ranked as one of the richest men in the world. Gates, on the other hand, has never succumbed to the temptations of his wealth and has pledged to part with massive amounts of it for charitable causes. Bill Gates, the creator Windows, the most popular operating system in the world, is known for being the entrepreneur who revolutionized the computing industry. A college drop-out, he started Microsoft out of his garage and work hard to build it. The company is now amongst the biggest corporations on the world.  Gates has always maintained  that nothing can replace hard work. People try for shortcuts but all they taste is temporary success which soon fades out. His leadership mantras are always overwhelming and managers across the world yearn to learn and get inspired from him. We bring you some of his most insightful leadership mantras: On Hard Work People used to wonder that how a college dropout who started the company from a garage could make it this big. Little did they realise that he had substantial experience in programming and had done years and years of hard work before kicking it off. It was this experience which helped him build the first software by Microsoft: MS DOS. Gates does not believe in the  concept of overnight success. Hard work is what truly counts in the long the run. On Following your Passion Making millions through programming was not his priority; Gates was just following his heart, his passion. Programming was his obsession and it gave him happiness. He has always maintained that  good entrepreneurs follow their passion  rather than experimenting unnecessarily. That way they only end up losing focus. Rather than just chasing the rupee sign, managers and entrepreneurs should work hard to chase their passion. Money will come chasing on its own! On Giving Back Gates says, If you want to become a leader that people admire and respect, you must become a person of significance. People dont follow you because you take from them; they follow you because you give to them. Apart from being the tech-czar he is, Gates is also known all over the world for all the philanthropy he does via his  Bill Melinda Gates Foundation. He believes that giving back to the society is as important as taking from it. This is what sets a leader apart from others. Strive to live out a life that makes a difference in this world; give back more than what youve taken from society. Your life then will be a true success, remarks Gates. On Vision A leader should have the vision and that too an impeccable one. He should be able to see what might lie ahead in times to come. Bill Gates could see that the future of computers was in the software, not in the hardware. This made things easy for him as he now had well-defined targets to chase. According to Gates,  most successful people have had a vision which has enabled them to make it out big in the world. A leader sans vision soon loses team and goes out of the race. On Failures Gates has always viewed failures as valuable learning lessons.  As Windows was gaining popularity, a good number of people were reporting problems in it every day and a lot of criticism used to pour in on a routine basis. Bill Gates took all this in a positive way. These were valuable lessons for him which made him more determined to improve Windows. Your most unhappy customers are your greatest source of learning, says Bill Gates. LAKSHMI MITTAL http://htmlimg3.scribdassets.com/7ekvhymiiozx2dx/images/22-32f9e35f54.jpg Aditya Mittal, son of London-based Indian steel tycoon Lakshmi Mittal, is one of the Young Global Leaders nominated to attend the World Economic Forum annual meeting scheduled to be held in Davos in June. Young Global Leaders is a ?1-million pounds project that aims to find 1,111 under-40 year olds to solve the worlds problems. The WEF on Tuesday announced the first list of 237 nominees including Aditya Mittal, 28, chief financial officer of the Mittal Steel Company. A transactional leader:Mittal is a transactional leader who guides and motivates his follower in the direction of  established goals by clarifying  role and  task requirements.The leader Mittal is a great individual as besides business he has worked a lot for his people.   a corporate leader in businessstarted the trend of mergers around the world, caring family man, complete human being . QUALITIESAND  DISTINCTIVENESS Hardworking   Outstanding vision   Convincing   Motivating   Guiding   Zeal and fierceness Capacity to lead   Bravery Awards and Honors Aside his achievements in business, Lakshmi Mittal was awarded Fortune magazinesEuropean Businessman of the Year 2004 and also Steelmaker of the Year in 1996 by. Bibliography LAXMI MITTAL. (n.d.). Retrieved 02 15, 2013, from MITTAL: http://www.scribd.com/doc/57466592/3/LAKSHMI-MITTAL WORD COUNT=906 ESSAY 2 LEADERSHIP AND CULTURAL AWARENESS. TREATY OF WAITANGI. The Treaty of Waitangi is a treaty first signed on 6 February 1840 by representatives of the British Crown and various Maori chiefs from the North Island of New Zealand. The Treaty established a British Governor of New Zealand, recognised MÄ ori ownership of their lands and other properties, and gave the MÄ ori the rights of British subjects. The English and MÄ ori versions of the Treaty differed significantly, so there is no consensus as to exactly what was agreed to. From the British point of view, the Treaty gave Britain sovereignty over New Zealand, and gave the Governor the right to govern the country. MÄ ori believed they ceded to the Crown a right of governance in return for protection, without giving up their authority to manage their own affairs. After the initial signing at Waitangi, copies of the Treaty were taken around New Zealand and over the following months many other chiefs signed. In total there are nine copies of the Treaty of Waitangi including the original signed on 6 February 1840. Around 530 to 540 chiefs, at least 13 of them women, signed the Treaty of Waitangi. New immigrants While Maori were presenting New Zealanders with a bicultural perspective, immigration was making the country multicultural. Until the 1960s most immigrants to New Zealand were British and easily adjusted to New Zealand life. The considerable Dutch community who arrived in the 1950s were expected to adopt local customs. But in the 1970s there were two important changes. First, the end of assistance to British immigrants in 1975 challenged expectations that the British were the best potential New Zealanders. From then on, immigrants were to be chosen on non-ethnic grounds. Second, there were significant migrations from other countries. There was an influx first from the Pacific Islands and from the mid-1980s an increasing number from other places predominantly Asia, but also, from the 1990s onwards, from Africa and the Middle East. By 2006 only 67% of people living in New Zealand were exclusively of European blood, compared to over 90% 30 years before. The multicultural idea Many of these people, from a wide range of cultures, settled down, took up citizenship and brought up New Zealand-born children. This was a major challenge to the idea of who New Zealanders were. Initiated in Canada and picked up in the 1970s in Australia, the concept of multiculturalism quickly spread to New Zealand. It was proposed that people could be legitimate members of the New Zealand nation while retaining their own language, foods and traditions. At the first New Zealand Day ceremony at Waitangi in 1974 there were ostentatious efforts to put New Zealands ethnic variety on display. Non-British New Zealanders As the numbers of non-British people increased, their cultural differences became more evident. In South Auckland, Pacific Islanders congregated and evolved a distinctive New Zealand Pacific culture which was more than the sum of their different cultures. Large .Asian communities who had originally been settled throughout the country came together in areas with their own schools and styles of housing. Not everyone accepted these developments with equanimity. A new political group emerged, significantly called the New Zealand Party, which expressed unease at the challenge to older traditions of New Zealanders. Yet the issue was made more complex because by the early 2000s in some very traditional areas, particularly sport and music, Pacific Islanders were playing an important role. Prominent figures such as All Black rugby players Tina Omega and Jonah Loma, Silver Fern netballer Bernice Mane, discus champion Beatrice Famine, and hip hop artists Chef Fu and Scribe had become national heroes, and it was difficult to argue they were not real New Zealanders. In another arena, Cambodian bakeries were now making a classic New Zealand dish, the meat pie, and winning national awards. Challenge for a new century At the beginning of the 21st century it was not easy to define the New Zealander, or even to explain the origin of many New Zealand characteristics. The character of the countrys people had been in part shaped by the physical environment the outdoor climate, the proximity to beach and bush, the location in the South Pacific. No less important were the very different cultures brought to the country by waves of settlers Maori who arrived some 700 years ago from the Pacific, the British and Irish who dominated the population for over a century from 1850, and more recent immigrants from Asia and the Pacific. All of these groups would have agreed that each were New Zealanders. All would have accepted that New Zealanders were no longer Better Britons. But the cultural meaning of the New Zealander had become uncertain. How it would evolve was one of the major issues for the new century. HR Practice in New Zealand General Recruitment practices Recruiting practices in New Zealand have taken the same path as most other western countries. Over the last fifty years we have seen the appearance of the recruitment industry as a service offering in its own right and in the last ten years we have seen rapid change as service providers merge, deny and re-invent themselves. The 1990s marked the onset of a trend towards acquisition of home grown agencies by large global operations. While some agencies have maintained their brand identity they are commonly part of a wider global network. This trend will continue in the future and we will see the gradual disappearance of mid range recruiting organisations as the market becomes based on local presence of large global players and small niche players with tightly focused specialist markets. The Online World the impact of the Web on Recruitment First we saw the job boards, and then came the interactive job boards and now we have the next generation of applications that have workflow and auto notification email and online assessment. The growth of web enabled processes and the emergence of recruitment is having a major impact not only on the process of recruitment and selection, it is also transforming the nature of relationships between recruitment service providers and their customers. The internet has disinter mediated the recruitment industry, enabling a recruiting manager to have a relationship directly with potential candidates. For many years the power and value of a recruitment agency lay in their relational database of people and they added value to a customer by advertising, screening, assessing and short listing. Who you knew, having a relationship with them, and being able to introduce them to a customer provided a revenue stream to a recruitment provider. It matters less who you know now because the Internet can do all these things at a fraction of the cost. The value chain for recruitment services is changing from a candidate placement model to one of providing unbundled services. Most major companies in New Zealand have job pages on their websites and some have highly interactive recruitment software with associated workflow enabling fast and personal interaction with candidates. (human resource mnagement in newzealand, 2011) Bibliography human resource mnagement in newzealand. (2011). Retrieved 02 15, 2013, from Human resource: http://www.hrinz.org.nz/Site/Resources/hrm_in_nz.aspx ESSAY 3 INFLUENCES ON LEADERSHIP Fred Hollows Frederick Fred Cossom Hollows, AC (9 April 1929   10 February 1993) was a New Zealand and Australian opthalmologies who became known for his work in restoring eyesight for countless thousands of people in Australiaand many other countries. It has been estimated that more than one million people in the world can see today because of initiatives instigated by Hollows, the most notable example being The Fred Hollows Foundation. Early life Fred Hollows was one of four children, the others being Colin, John and Maurice. All were born is Dunedin,NewZealnd to Joseph and Clarice (Marshall) Hollows. He had one year of informal primary schooling at North East Valley Primary School and began attending Palmerston boys high schoolwhen he was 13. Hollows received his BA degree fromVictoria university of Wellington. He briefly studied at a seminary, but decided against a life in the clergy. After observing the doctors at a mental hospital during some charity work, he instead enrolled at Otago Medical univeristy. While living in Dunedin he was an active member of the New Zealand and made several first ascents of mountains in the Mount Aspiring region of Central Otago. . Hollows were a member of the Community party of New Zealand during the 1950s and 1960s. In 1961 he went to Moorefield eyes hospital in England to study ophthalmology. He then did post-graduate work in Wales before moving to Australian 1965 where he became associate professor of ophthalmology at the University of New South Wales in Sydney. From 1965-1992 he chaired the ophthalmology division overseeing the teaching departments at the University of New South Wales, and the Prince of Wales and Prince Henry hospitals. Social Responsibility of Fred Hollows. Our vision is for a world where no one is needlessly blind, and Indigenous Australians enjoy the same health and life expectancy as other Australians. With the help of our supporters, The Foundation is assisting more people in more countries than ever before. Photo: Sandy Scheltema/The Age The Fred Hollows Foundation is inspired by the work of the late Professor Fred Hollows (1929-1993).à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨ Fred was an eye doctor, a skilled surgeon of international renown and a social justice activist. Fred was committed to improving the health of Indigenous Australians and to reducing the cost of eye health care and treatment in developing countries. The Foundation was established in Sydney in 1992, five months before Fred passed away, with the aim of continuing and expanding on the program work he had started in Eritrea, Vietnam and Indigenous Australia. http://www.hollows.org.au/sites/default/files/graphics/misc/gr_AR2011_eye_ops_results.jpgThe Foundation now works throughout Africa, Asia (South and South East) and Australia, focusing on blindness prevention and Australian Indigenous health. Through reducing the cost of cataract operations to as little as $25 in some developing countries, we have helped to restore the sight of more than 1,000,000 people worldwide. At The Fred Hollows Foundation we: believe that everyone has the right to sight, and that Indigenous Australians have the right to the same health outcomes as other Australians advocate for these rights, and collaborate with partners individuals, communities, organisations and governments to overcome avoidable blindness everywhere work together with organisations in Australia to achieve the highest attainable standard of health, including eye health, for Indigenous Australians respect and seek to learn from our partners with the aim of strengthening local institutions and systems wherever we work share skills and resources with organisations working in the same area to avoid replicating services and support already provided promote innovative thinking and considered risk-taking in pursuit of our goals are committed to being accountable, honest and transparent in everything we do apply our values to promote good governance within our own organisation. Corporate governance The Corporate Governance Charter sets out the principles and practices The Foundations Directors will uphold and implement to fulfil the public trust vested in them to protect Freds legacy and fulfil his vision. Professor Fred Hollows. Photo: Colin Townsend/Fairfaxphotos Professor Fred Hollows. Photo: Colin Townsend/Fairfaxphotos In exercising this responsibility, Directors will be guided by the values and passions that imbued Freds life: A confidence that restoring sight to people who are needlessly blind opens up new options for them and enriches their families and communities A commitment to respect, promote and protect the rights of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, and particularly their rights to health and life expectancy on a par with other Australians A determination to contribute in a meaningful way to a more equitable worlwhere high quality health care is available to all A conviction that our goals can only be achieved if we work in true partnership with local people and agencies and support them to find their own lasting solutions A belief that the best path forward is always found through openness and collaboration, and through forging effective partnerships with people and agencies of like mind who share those values. (The Foundation, 2012) Bibliography The Foundation. (2012). Retrieved 02 15, 2013, from The fred Hollows Foundation: http://www.hollows.org.au/Fred-Hollows/the-foundation

Dutch Republic Essay -- Dutch Economy, History

The Dutch Republic in 1650, being a formidable commercial, financial, and naval power at the time, faced many imperialistic challenges which led to the end of its golden age by the year 1713. The security of the Dutch Republic was consistently being challenged with wars because of weak military capabilities among the merchants, and this was viewed by the Dutch as a sign of an impending set of military conflicts and to foreign nations as a way to win over the republic. The wealthiest of the provinces, being Holland at the time, led to rivalries and jealous unequal provinces that all viewed Holland as a threat and also fought to get ahead of each other. The prosperity of the Dutch Republic was starting to crumble as trade was being damaged which led to the destruction of the empire, and the Dutch viewed this as a reason for why there was great competition between the Republic and the English. Because of all the wars that the Dutch Republic was involved in, they were not capable to deal with the wars because Holland was the only province with some money and could not win against larger nations such as England who could became a threat. In battle and in naval warfare, the Dutch were significantly outgunned. The estimated losses of Dutch ships seized by the English to merchant shipping in the three Anglo-Dutch wars were about 2000-2700. The Dutch on the other hand, only seized about 500 ships (Document 3). This particularly shows that the Dutch were in no position to be defending themselves against foreign nations, especially the English. It also shows that the English were a huge threat to the Dutch Republic because they could easily overwhelm the Dutch in battle. In the same manner, the Dutch were in no position to be engaging anyb... ...pport their East India Company. This point of view of the administrator is accurate because he is a member of the office which presides over the trade. Because of the drastic challenges the Dutch Republic went through, their golden age soon came to an end. Their profits soon turned into losses as the prosperity of the provinces soon became competed against by larger nations who had won over and dominated trade in Europe. As many nations wished to take over the Republic, the Dutch soon weakened by the wars which were seen as harmful by the people within the nation as well as surrounding countries. The jealousy of the provinces also caused conflict which weakened the unification of the whole Dutch Republic. Overwhelmed by the challenges that they were experiencing at the time, the Dutch soon spiraled down which led to the end of their golden age by the year 1713.

A New American Society Essay

After the Americans gained independence from Britain in 1783 in the revolution. The colonies began to change their economic, social and political system, and began to write their new constitution that lead to the override of the Articles of Confederation in 1781. The major change the Americans accomplished was the separation from the monarchy. Thomas Paine said â€Å"the nearer any government approaches to a republic the less business there is for a king.† (Common Sense 1776) During the process of a new central government, states became independent with their own central government. However, this would give the central government less power over the 13 states. Another huge change in the colonies was the separation from the church. A preacher stated that under British rule that there was a â€Å"Moral obligation, imposed on the world, to answer the purposes of ambitious usurps.† (Lorenzo Dow pg.197) This would later lead to outpouring religious enthusiasm in the colonies and the Great Awakening. An economic issue was that only the states could impose taxes in the states and congress could only request funds to pay off debt. Another factor was that the government did not have a stable money currency in the colonies, which made it difficult to barter or trade with other states. The Northern part of the colonies focused more in manufacturing and the South depended on agricultural needs. Jefferson believed in more of an agricultural economy â€Å"our exterior commerce has suffered very much from the beginning†¦ we have manufactured†¦those who labor in the earth are the chosen people of God† (Notes on the state of the Virginia pg. 170). On the other hand, Hamilton believed in trading manufactured goods with Britain and believed in a society of manufacturing. The weak Articles of confederation lead to a new constitution in the colonies. The articles of confederation were ratified in the constitutional convention of 1781 in Philadelphia. Reasons it was considered â€Å"weak† was the lack of checks and balances, government could not impose taxes, and central government was weak and the lack of personal rights of the colonists. â€Å"Make the following declarations, of our humble opinions, respecting the most essential rights and liberties of the colonists†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Declaration of rights pg. 124). James Madison was one of the founding fathers of the new constitution, because of his federalist papers.

George Meade Essays - George Meade, Meade County, South Dakota

George Meade Essays - George Meade, Meade County, South Dakota George Meade George Meade Do you know who was the general for the Second Battle of Bull Run? Everyone kGeorge Meadenowswhat the Second Battle of Bull Run is but who was the general? Some people even knowthat the North won that battle. Most people do not know that General George Meadedefeated General Lee at that battle. General George Mead accomplished much duringwartime.General George Meade had many accomplishments during wartime. First of all, hedefeated General Lee at the Second Battle of Bull Run. Why would not General Meadecrush General Lee at this battle and end the war there? Facts say that heavy fog and rainforced Meade to stop. Likewise, on June 1, !863 a surprise encounter forced his troopsinto the Battle of Gettysburg, the greatest battle on American soil. This battle came aboutwhen General Lee's army needed shoes. The two forces met here on accident and fought toa victory for the North. Lee acknowledged his defeat and retreated to Virginia. Not onlydid Meade serve in the Civil War, but also served in the Mexican War. He served in thebattles of Palo Alto, Monterey, and Veracruz. During these he served under GeneralZachory Taylor. To sum up, General George Meade accomplished many things during histime at war. Each of General George Meade's accomplishments had one major effect on howlife is today. To start, if Meade had not defeated Lee at the Second Battle of Bull Run thewar would not have started off positively for the North. This was important because thesoldiers gained their confidence when they won this battle. If the North would have lostthe entire war the U.S. would be two different countries. Secondly, Meade's defeat of Leeat the accidental Gettysburg. This was a battle that turned the war around and gave theNorth the advantage. This was the North's first victory in a long time. Finally, if the U.S.had not have won the Mexican War, Where Meade served as a soldier, the U.S. would nothave gained the southwest portion of the country. This ,as you remember, was where thegold rush took place that caused the country to spread out over the land. As has beenshown, Meade's accomplishments had many effects on how life is lived today.There are many things that would be different if George Meade had never lived. For one thing, the North might not have won the first battle of the war causing the soldiersto lose confidence and maybe lose the war. If the South had won the war the U.S. wouldbe split into two countries right now. Also, if the north did not the greatest battle onAmerican soil, Gettysburg, it could have been the end of the war right there at Gettysburg. If the North would have lost the war the U.S. would be two different countries, as was saidearlier. Last, if the U.S. had not won the Mexican War we would have lost some of ourland to Mexico. The U.S. would have also not had the Gold Rush that took place inCalifornia. In conclusion, the country would have been very different if George Meade hadnever lived.General George Meade accomplished much during wartime. Most people do notknow that Meade defeated Lee at the Second Battle of Bull Run . Some people even knowthat the North won that battle. Everyone knows what the Second Battle of Bull Run is butwho was the general? Bibliography Cleaves, Freeman. Meade, George Gordon. Collier's Encyclopedia. Vol. 15.1989.Sefton, James E. Meade, George Gordon. The World Book Encyclopedia. Vol.15. 1994.Meade, George G. Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia. Version 2.01vw.Carlsbad, California: Compton's New Media, 1994. CD-ROM.Meade, George Gordon. Encyclopedia Americana. Vol. 18. Danbury,Connecticut: Grolier, 1990.Meade, George Gordon. Who's Who in American History. Historical Volume.St. Louis,Missouri: Van Hoffman Press,1967.

Conneticut Courts essays

Conneticut Courts essays The state I chose to do my judicial research on was Connecticut. My reasons for doing so were because of all the family I have in Hartford. I am up there so often I figured I would make use of this research and build some knowledge. I was surprised by the amount of information that I found in such a small sized state. The web-site given to us to research for state information showed a lot of historical information. In my paper I will give my description of the state court system. I will discuss a few facts of the creating of the early judicial system. Then I will introduce the Connecticuts Courts of Limited and General Jurisdiction and the Appellate and Supreme Court. I will show the process for election of judges and describe the way the courts are laid out around Connecticut. The earliest court proceeding was held on April 26th, 1636, entitled A Courte holden in Newton. Two years later they created a count that met even three months which the Particular Count, nicknamed the Quartet Court. In 1665 they got rid of the Court of Particulars and created the Court of Assistants County Courts and the Probate Court. The Probate court mainly handled wills and estates. Then in 1711 they got rid of the Court of Assistants, the web page didnt ever say or give reason why. But those courts were replace with what is known today, as the Superior Courts are a part of the Trial Courts of general Jurisdiction. What they do is hear both criminal and civil cases. (web #1) The state of Connecticut showed a lot of progress within the earlier part of the twentieth century. The Juvenile system of courts was created in the 1920s and by 1940 the courts had full use of the justice system. Municipal, County and State courts got rid of county government. Circuit Courts then took over the prior three level systems and everything was taken over by the state. (web #1) The first part of the court system I am going t...

Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Environment - Essay Example In terms of the environment, thorium is a better product in contrast to uranium. In the reaction process, most of the thorium is combusted in a way that most of the thorium is spent. This means that a lower amount of waste is produced. Eventually, there are less harmful wastes in the surroundings. This argument favors thorium reactors because its resistance to meltdowns is greater. This means that it is safer, although there is always the possibility of some poisonousness. It is poisonous in the short-term, but nearly harmless in the long-term in comparison to uranium. Although both of them are nuclear reactors, they use dissimilar fission reactions. In essence, this means that there are different products and properties that arise from the reactions. While uranium cannot be easily used with thorium, thorium can be mixed with other uranium extracts. This means that its use does not mean that uranium would be out-of-date. They can be used together to form bigger and more potent compounds. However, scientific research indicates that the assembly of thorium is not as stress-free as that of uranium. Scientifically, thorium is not fissile. While uranium can split to form a nuclear chain reaction, thorium cannot split. Even so, it can be made fissile through the bombardment of diverse chemical reactions. Apart from that, the damage caused in the Fukushima disaster evidences how volatile uranium can be. On the contrary, thorium does not exhibit such reactions, and it cannot be used in making weaponries. In case of a catastrophe, a thorium reaction can be stopped because it is not fissile. In terms of density, thorium is about 200 times heavier than uranium and other lead products. Thorium is perhaps better than uranium as a nuclear reactor. In the main, it is a better substitute when equated to uranium. However, there still exists some challenges in the use of thorium, mainly because of personal welfares. Over the years, the use of uranium has formed a

The Role of a PPC Manager in a Leading Company Term Paper

The Role of a PPC Manager in a Leading Company - Term Paper Example Goals could be varied for clients. For some clients, the aim is branding and for some others, it could be a direct response. Some clients focus on improving their return on investment and some others focus on improving the traffic to their website. The role of the PPC Manager also involves identifying the goals of the clients, setting up, and maintaining the campaign in such a way that the aim of the client is fulfilled. Based on job analysis, the key aspects of the role include managing a portfolio of client accounts, interacting directly with the clients to understand their business, driving revenue and improving customer satisfaction. The PPC Manager should be able to optimize the performance of the campaign, set and implement strategies to achieve the goal of the client and demonstrate product expertise on PPC models. Apart from being an expert on analytics and reporting, they should also demonstrate their expertise on industry trends and customer education.   The basic pre-requisite of the candidate is to have around 3 years of experience in key account management, have proficiency in Microsoft Excel, be flexible and open, have very good communication and interpersonal skills. The candidate also should be a graduate with a good academic background. The HR Executive would conduct the phone screen interview. The aim of this interview is to see if the candidate fulfills the basic criterion required for the job.  

Genetically Modified Food Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Genetically Modified Food - Essay Example Other studies resist wide spread and implementation of the technology because of concerns that GMO foods can cross biological boundaries and cause harm to humans and the environment. Besides safety and environmental aspects, the topic draws a lot of socio-economic concerns, public knowledge and attitude, confidence in decision-making institutions and ethical concerns that shape consumer perceptions of the risks posed by GM foods. Public opinion is a force that should have been taken into account if gene engineering needed to be successful in developing new product especially the controversial GM foods. The issue of GM food is made complex by the various interested groups, the different perceptions of risk and reward as well as the conflicting perceptions regarding the benefits and costs associated with the controversial products. The answers behind the controversy are complicated ranging from ethical to religious to even potential health and safety impacts posed by the technology in GM foods. Supporters of the genetic modification in foods highlight the premise that the technology is capable of meeting not only the basic food needs of the society but also achieving nutritional, environmental and economic benefits to the consumers. Sceptics of GM foods consider this to an unnecessary interference with nature that poses unknown and potentially catastrophic consequences. According to Hossain et al (2003), regardless of the potential of GM foods, they have received mixed regulatory and public acceptance within the US and other parts of the world. Moreover, regardless of the prevailing technological challenges, consumer acceptance of GM foods remains an essential factor that determines the future of the technology. This stems from the scarcity of reliable information regarding consumer awareness and perception concerning the significant subject. Based on a sample population of students, Hossain et al (2003) found the students were reluctant to consume food with GM

Learning Strategies and Information-Processing Development Essay Example for Free

Learning Strategies and Information-Processing Development Essay Learning can be simply defined as the process that leads to relatively permanent change in behavior or potential change in a person’s behavior. Learning makes one change the way they perceive the environment, react to stimuli and interact. Cognitive psychology is a very important branch of modern psychology. The main focus of this approach is the memory-how information is stored and retrieved. Several theories have been developed with regard to this subject such as the stage theory (Atkinson Shriffin, 1968). The stage theory model is widely accepted since it proposes that information is processed and stored in three sequential stages i.e. â€Å"the sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory† (Atkinson Shriffin, 1968, p. 90). In addition to this model other accepted theories include levels-of-processing theory proposed by Craik and Lockhart (1972), the parallel-distributed processing model and the connectionistic model. This paper examines how attention, memory, recognition and knowledge are related to various learning strategies. In addition, the paper discusses how visual-perceptual, motor and language relate to information processing development. Information processing development As stated in the introduction above, cognitive psychology forms an integral part of the discipline of psychology. The most widely used theory is the stage theory whose focus is on how information is stored in memory. Information is processed in three stages and this is done in a serial and scholastic manner. Another important theory is the â€Å"levels-of-processing† theory whose proposition is that the learner utilizes different levels of explanation as he or she processes in formation. A major advantage of the information-processing strategies is in their explicitness and accuracy in diving complex cognitive functions into distinct elements that can be easily studied. However, when it comes to analyzing cognition into its distinct parts; information processing fails to re-unite them into a general, comprehensive construct. In addition, most information processing tools such as computer models have lost touch with real-life learning experiences (Berk, 2009). Information processing approach towards cognition seeks to explain how the learner (children and adults) operate on the different types of information. Most scholars view the mind as a complex system (a type of computer) through which information flows and is manipulated. General models such as the store model by Atkinson and Shiffrin assume that information is stored in three parts of the brain for processing: â€Å"the sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory† (Berk, 2010, para.1). Craik and Lockhart (1972) level-of-processing model assumes that information is transferred from working memory to the long-term memory depending on the level processing. There exist several other information processing developmental models such as the Case’s theory which is a reinterpretation of Piaget’s theory of information processing model. Case views cognitive development as the increase in information processing capacity as a result of brain development which can be linked to more efficient learning strategies. Connectionism on the other hand explains information processing development as a result of learning strategies such as computer-simulated strategies which enhance; inter-connectivity of processing units that are well stratified just like the neurological structure of the brain. Siegler’s using his model of learning strategy choice argues that, learners always generate a number of strategies for problem solving, the more the experience, the more strategies are selected or discarded (Kail Cavanaugh, 2008). Attention is a critical factor when it comes to human thinking, it dictates the information that will be considered when undertaking a task. Attention is greatly enhanced during early and middle stages of childhood. Thus, improved attention makes one to be more adaptable, selective and organized. Enhanced cognitive reticence and efficacy of attentional learning strategies are pertinent to the fine-tuning of selective attention. The fine tuning of attentional learning strategies takes place in four stages: â€Å"production deficiency, control deficiency, utilization deficiency, and effective strategy use† (para.2). Whenever there is a problem with attention students would develop learning disorders. The argument here is that, when a student is learning a new concept, their attention needs to be focused on the new concept.   If they fail to fully pay their attention, it means that they will have a serious problem with the learning of the new information (Kail Cavanaugh, 2008). Memory strategies are said to improve with age, as children continue to develop various methods such as, organization, and elaboration. This increases the likelihood of storing information in working memory and its consequential transfer to the long-term knowledge bank. Thus, over childhood stages and even in adolescence, students’ recall steadily improves as knowledge is continually amassed and its organization is improved effectively. Childrens metacognitive abilities usually change from passivity to activity. A more productive view of mental functioning increases with the increase in awareness of information processing strategies, cognitive aptitudes, and task variables. Self-regulation cognitively develops gradually during childhood and adolescence stages. Recently, scholars of information-processing have focused their attention towards academic learning of children (Berk, 2009). Visual-perceptual, motor and language relation to information processing development A visual-perceptual skill is simply the brain’s ability to process information as seen.   Previously, most scholars had assumed that a deficiency in visual-perceptual skills was directly linked to the malfunctioning of the eye.   That is having a poor physical vision or poor muscle control in the eye. However, the presence or absence of physical vision has nothing to do with visual perceptual. Instead, visual perceptual refers to the ability of the brain the receiving of visual information, its interpretation, organization, storage, and transmission Thus, if a student’s brain is not properly storing information, recall will definitely be poor. This directly affects the student’s ability to concentrate and read since he or she has a slow recall of words. The slowing down of recall can also have a negative impact on their mathematical abilities let alone their fluency in speech and reading (Smith 2004). Language and phonological processing abilities are affected by the student’s ability to store, process, and retrieve information.   Usually language and phonological problems are rooted to reading disorders.   Many students with reading disorders have difficulty storing, processing, and retrieving information.   A normal student’s left brain hemisphere becomes dominant when they are carrying out tasks involving language processing (Berk 2009). A student’s motor skills are also an important factor when discussing about learning strategies.   Children will learn from their interaction with the environment; this ability is affected hindered by a child’s motor or verbal skills, a child will learn better when their motor skills are well developed.   This can be observed in a math class.   A conventional practice in the learning of fractions is the use of multiplication.   A student with a problem with their motor skills will have a problem with the use of manipulatives.   Thus they will definitely have it rough when it comes to the learning of fractions (Berk, 2010). Conclusion This paper argues that there exist several other information processing developmental models such as the Case’s theory which is a reinterpretation of Piaget’s theory of information processing model. Case views cognitive development as the increase in information processing capacity as a result of brain development which can be linked to more efficient learning strategies. The most widely used theory is the stage theory whose focus is on how information is stored in memory. Learning strategies such as memory strategies are pertinent to the process of information development. Information processing approach towards cognition explains how the learner operates on various kinds of information. The mind is a complex system (a type of computer) through which information flows and is manipulated. Deficits in information processing skills have negative impacts on a student’s ability to learn effectively. This is attributed to the reason that all learning is relatively cumulative.  Thus, problems in learning should be detected early in enough and solved otherwise; they would get worse with advancement of age.

Thoughts :: essays research papers

The paradox of our time in history is that we have Taller buildings but shorter tempers, wider Freeways, but narrower viewpoints. We spend more, But have less, we buy more, but enjoy less. We have Bigger houses and smaller families, more Conveniences, but less time. We have more degrees But less sense, more knowledge, but less judgment, More experts, yet more problems, more medicine, but Less wellness. We drink too much, smoke too much, and spend too Recklessly, laugh too little, drive too fast, get Too angry, stay up too late, get up too tired, read Too little, watch TV too much, and pray too seldom. We have multiplied our possessions, but reduced our Values. We talk too much, love too seldom, and hate Too often. We've learned how to make a living, but not a life. We've added years to life not life to years. We've Been all the way to the moon and back, but have Trouble crossing the street to meet a new neighbor. We conquered outer space but not inner space. We've Done larger things, but not better things. We've cleaned up the air, but polluted the soul. We've conquered the atom, but not our prejudice. We Write more, but learn less. We plan more, but Accomplish less. We've learned to rush, but not to Wait. We build more computers to hold more Information, to produce more copies than ever, but We communicate less and less. These are the times of fast foods and slow Digestion, big men and small character, steep Profits and shallow relationships. These are the Days of two incomes but more divorce, fancier Houses, but broken homes. These are days of quick Trips, disposable diapers, throwaway morality, one Night stands, overweight bodies, and pills that do Everything from cheer, to quiet, to kill. It is a Time when there is much in the showroom window and Nothing in the stockroom. A time when technology can Bring this letter to you, and a time when you can Choose either to share this insight, or to just hit Delete. Remember; spend some time with your loved ones, Because they are not going to be around forever. Remember, say a kind word to someone who looks up to You in awe, because that little person soon will Grow up and leave your side. Remember, to give a warm hug to the one next to you, Because that is the only treasure you can give with

Marketing of Lucky Charms

General Mills Goes Ceriously Retro Target is running a 1-month exclusive with General Mills showcasing retro packaging around Cocoa Puffs, Cheerios, Lucky Charms, Trix, Kix and other brands within their cereal portfolio. A collectable t-shirt is promoted on the new retro-themed packaging, offering consumers the chance to get a vintage-styled tee of their favorite morning munch. Overall, its a smart play. Target gains exclusivity, consumers feel rewarded with a limited piece of throwback merch, and wearing the fashion creates conversations around the cereal brands and must-have appeal for young-ins. A website has been built to offer up a chance to win the tees. This isn’t the first time General Mills or others have tapped the retro look. Junk Food was wildly popular with teens a few years back via licensed t-shirts using iconic General Mills logos and characters such as Lucky Charms, Trix and others 70’s and 80’s characters. Mountain Dew and Pepsi recently announched retro packaging and product formulated with real sugar in their Throwback LTO. Dew has also used their past icons successful in recent campaigns such as Green Label Art showcasing their legenday Hillbilly character. General Mills is likely reaching a younger consumer, a savvy trend follower that will still rock the retro tee, which will likely fare well when it’s time for parents to write their grocery lists. This type of straightforward offer often favors well in a value-focused economic environment where there is a lot of pressure on established name brands to keep generic from brands taking market share. Hell, even I’d consider rocking a Boo Berry t-shirt to the gym for anyone looking to pick me up a gift on my b-day (which is a only a month away)! General Mills to make all its cereals from healthier ingredients By Bob Faw NBC News updated 12:37 p. m. ET, Thurs. , Sept. 30, 2004 Each year the average American downs 160 bowls of cereal. Thursday will see a tremor in this $9-billion-a-year industry as General Mills announces that all of its cereals — not just Wheaties and Cheerios, but Cocoa Puffs and Lucky Charms — will be made with whole grains. â€Å"Emerging science continues to support the benefits of whole grains in people's diets whether t be heart health or maintaining a healthy body weight, and we are trying to make it easy,† says John Haugen, vice president of marketing at General Mills. â€Å"When the †¦ consumer trend of being more health conscious came out, we lost sales to competitors who were already in that space,† says Tony Alvaraez, CEO of Interstate Brands. While General Mills says it's spending millions on the switch to whole grains, the amount of sugar in its cereals — 13 grams, for example, in just one cup of Trix — won't change. So some industry observers are accusing General Mills of gimmickry. â€Å"Certainly it's a marketing ploy. This is about marketing. It's not really about nutrition,† says Marion Nestle, a nutritionist at New York University. Still, many mothers are applauding General Mills. â€Å"If it's to better the health of kids and whoever eats it, it's about time they started getting it done,† says Kris Simonson. Die-hard consumers like her daughter Kali Simonson could care less. As long as the cereal tastes good, she doesn’t care what's in it.  © 2008 msnbc. com_ Reprints_ *General Mills Thrives on Increased Marketing Spending: *Boosting TV Ads Hiked Cereal Sales, But Digital ROI Even Higher BOCA RATON, Fla. AdAge. com) — General Mills, one of the package-food industry's top performers, laid out a number of recent marketing successes at the Consumer Analysts Group of New York conference this morning, and offered a preview of the rest of its fiscal year. The company has staunchly supported consumer-marketing spending increases — 19% in the first half of fiscal 200 9, which began in June — while competitors, including Kellogg and Kraft, have begun to scale back on the heady marketing outlays of 2008, instead preaching bundling and greater return on investment. General Mills estimates that its consumer-marketing spending will be up by â€Å"double digits† for the full fiscal year. CEO Ken Powell has repeatedly said that it's particularly important to support well-known brands during the current economy. â€Å"We're meeting here in Florida at a time of great economic uncertainty around the world,† Mr. Powell said. â€Å"General Mills has weathered the storm due in large part to the strength of our product categories and the strength of our brands. † He underscored that the company has a number of well-known 50-year-old brands, such as Cheerios and Pillsbury, as well as 30-year-old brands such as Yoplait and Nature Valley, that consumers trust. Positive response General Mills' sales have responded well to increased marketing support as consumers are eating more at home. Sales grew 11% in the first half of fiscal 2009, to $7. 5 billion. The company has raised guidance with each of the first two quarters. General Mills is doing so well that analysts had been expecting the company to raise its earnings guidance again this morning. For the balance of 2009, the company said it is planning a broadcast blitz for its cereal brands. Ian Friendly, chief operating officer of U. S. retail operations, said he expects the ad program to generate the biggest bump in sales. The company's Cheerios, Honey Nut Cheerios, Multigrain Cheerios and Lucky Charms have been faring particularly well. General Mills is launching Banana Nut Cheerios, Cinnamon Chex, and Fiber One Frosted Shredded Wheat cereals in the coming months. Some of these products are likely to be advertised to baby boomers, who Mr. Friendly noted will make up about half of the U. S. population by 2010. When I started here in 1983, we didn't do much advertising to baby boomers,† he said, adding that boomers are eating more cereal as they age. â€Å"We're targeting them directly now. † The company is also working harder to target Hispanics, with Progresso products such as Menudo being tested in Texas. Mr. Friendly said the company credits Hispanic-targeted advertising for Honey Nut Cheerios with a 35% increase in year-to-date sales with those consume rs. Bromley Communications is General Mills' Hispanic agency. Online growth But while the bulk of the company's spend remains on TV, Mr. Friendly said in a conference with reporters that it has begun to see significantly higher return on digital investment. General Mills has been diverting funds online, driving traffic to recipe sites such as BettyCrocker. com. The company's cooking sites had about 8 million visitors last month. General Mills also recently launched a free Betty Crocker iPhone application, which offers meal suggestions based on what's in a consumer's pantry. â€Å"We are seeing very high returns from digital than broadcast,† Mr. Friendly said, declining to give the percentage of spending that's moved online. â€Å"It's ot that our TV ads don't work, but when you're watching TV you're doing it for a different reason. When you go to a website you have a very specific purpose. † General Mills Thanks Its Lucky Charms, Melinda Peer, 06. 18. 08, 5:45 PM ET http://www. forbes. com/2008/06/18/general-mills-guidance-markets-equity-cx_mp_markets38_print. html With higher ingredient costs eating int o food companies' profits, General Mills surprised investors with news that full-year results would be better than expected. That's because they've been serving up extra costs to consumers. Shares of General Mills, Inc. gained $1. 1, or 3. 2%, to close at $62. 64 on Wednesday after the company said year-end results would top guidance thanks to a 13. 0% sales increase in the fourth-quarter. The food company, which boasts popular brands like Cheerios, Yoplait, Green Giant and Haagen-Daz, now expects 2008 earnings of $3. 71 a share and sales of $13. 7 billion. Earnings, adjusted to exclude a favorable tax ruling and gains from valuations of commodity holdings, are expected to be $3. 52 a share–an 11. 0% increase from last year's earnings of $3. 18 a share. Analysts had been expecting earnings of $3. 48 and sales of $13. 4 billion. The company's previous guidance had been for adjusted earnings between $3. 45 and $3. 47 a share. But with commodity prices showing no signs of falling, it's unclear how long the General Mills can expect consumers to foot the bill. Cocoa U. S. futures soared to a 28-year high at $3,122 a tonne as investors responded to reports of pressured supply in the Ivory Coast, the world's top cocoa grower. Corn for delivery in July 2009 matched Monday's high of $8. 07 a bushel before settling ahead by 6 cents at about $8. 01 a bushel. General Mills, however, expects growth to meet or exceed expectations through 2009. It guided for adjusted earnings in the range of $3. 78 to $3. 83 a share. Analysts have been expecting earnings of $3. 81 a share in 2009. Rival company Kellogg's, raised prices in January to offset expensive raw material costs. Rather than hiking prices again, the company said it would shrink the size of cereal boxes instead and sell them for the same price (See: Kellogg's Crumbling Profits). Kellogg's skimmed an average of 2. 4 ounces from boxes that will be used for 14 products under brands like Apple Jacks, Cocoa Krispies, Corn Pops, Froot Loops and Honey Smacks. The boxes shipped to U. S. stores earlier this month.

National Federation of Independent Business v Sebelius Essay

Life was different back in the 1880s. The telephone had just been invented, James Garfield was president, and doctors used heroin and cocaine as medicine. Alas, many doctors knew very little about medicine. Oftentimes unsafe and unsterile practices were used on patients. The NY Times reports that, â€Å"At least a dozen medical experts probed the President [Garfield]’s wound, often with unsterilized metal instruments or bare hands, as was common at the time. Historians agree that massive infection, which resulted from unsterile practices, contributed to Garfield’s death. One man suggested that they turn the president upside down and see if the bullet would just fall out. † Because of their usual lack of success, doctors did not charge very much for their services; it was very affordable most of the time, even for middle class families. However, as time and technology progressed, the cost of healthcare and medical instruments dramatically rose. In his â€Å"New Deal† package, President Roosevelt proposed a state-run healthcare system with compulsory health insurance for state residents, but states could choose whether to participate. The federal government would provide some subsidies and set minimum standards that the state had to adhere by. While the proposal did not pass, the idea of universal healthcare coverage for everyone stuck. Since Roosevelt, every single Democratic President elected into office has attempted to pass a version of universal health care, but none have achieved the feat. That is, until President Obama was sworn into office in January 2009. In his 2008 presidential campaign, he made healthcare reform a central issue. Both parties adopted their version of reform, but since Democrats held a majority in the House and the Senate at the time, their version was the one that passed. On March 23rd, 2010, President Obama signed into law the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (dubbed by many Republicans as â€Å"ObamaCare†). According to the White House, it claims four key components of the law: stronger consumer rights and protections (which includes a ban on lifetime limits, a ban on denying children health insurance based on pre-existing conditions, and a ban on coverage cancellations), more affordable coverage (Private insurers must provide justification for double-digit increases in premiums), better access to care (Preventative screenings for cancer are now free), and stronger Medicare (Provides relief to seniors who cannot afford prescription drugs). Since insurance companies are required to provide care, it makes sense to buy insurance only when you need it. In other words, wait until you get sick to buy insurance, because they cannot turn you down. In order to combat this, the law includes an individual mandate, which requires anyone that can afford it to buy health insurance, or pay a penalty to the IRS. In essence, this is the part of the law that pays for it all. This is also the section many Republicans hate. In their philosophy, the government cannot force someone to buy something they may or may not need. They argued that this law was unconstitutional, and they sued in federal court to have the law nullified. There were three cases overall: one from the states (Florida v. U. S. Dept. of Health and Human Svcs. ), one from the federal government (U. S. Dept. of Health and Human Svcs. v. Florida), and one from the National Federation of Independent Business (Nat’l Fed. of Independent Bus. v. Sebelius). Due to conflicting rulings from the lower courts in different jurisdictions, the Supreme Court decided to hear the case to settle the differences. From March 26th to March 28th, 2012, the Supreme Court heard oral arguments from both sides. On the first day, the court heard argument over whether the Tax Anti-Injunction Act passed into law in 1867 barred the Supreme Court from even making a decision in this case. The Tax Anti-Injunction Act says, â€Å"No suit for the purpose of restraining the assessment or collection of any tax shall be maintained in any court by any person, whether or not such person is the person against whom such tax was assessed. † Basically, it means that you cannot sue the government for a tax you believe is unfair, until you have already paid that tax. This was passed into law to prevent people from filing lawsuits against the government to avoid paying taxes. Potentially, this could mean that no one can challenge the constitutionality of the ACA (Affordable Care Act) until someone has actually paid the penalty. At the earliest, they could sue on April 15th, 2015. The Supreme Court held that since Congress specifically labeled the consequences of the mandate as a penalty rather than a tax, the Anti-Injunction Act did not apply to this case, and that the court had the authority to hear the arguments. On the second day, the court heard arguments over whether the ndividual mandate component of the ACA fell under the constitutional powers of Congress. There were two arguments from the Solicitor General’s side (the ones supporting the constitutionality of the ACA): the ACA was constitutional under the commerce clause, and that the ACA was constitutional under the taxing power of Congress. The states (the ones claiming the ACA is unconstitutional) argued that Congress could not create commerce for it to regulate, and that the law described the consequences of the mandate a â€Å"penalty†, therefore it is not a tax. On the third day, the court heard arguments on the severability of the law. They questioned whether the ACA could survive if the court struck down the individual mandate. In the end, in a 5-4 decision, the court upheld the individual mandate component of the ACA as a valid exercise of the taxing power of Congress. They concluded that a financial penalty for not buying something constituted a non-direct tax. Because it is a non-direct tax, it is not required to be apportioned among the several states. The justices that voted for the constitutionality of the law are the four liberal justices Sonia Sotomayor, Stephen Breyer, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Elena Kagan, and the conservative Chief Justice John Roberts. The justices that voted against the constitutionality of the law are the other four conservative justices: Anthony Kennedy, Samuel Alito, Antonin Scalia, and Clarence Thomas. John Roberts was the key swing vote. When asked why he voted for a law he is personally against, Chief Justice John Roberts responded, â€Å"The Framers created a Federal Government of limited powers, and assigned to this Court the duty of enforcing those limits. The Court does so today. But the Court does not express an opinion on the wisdom of the Affordable Care Act. Under the Constitution, that judgment is reserved to the people. In my opinion, I applaud the decision of the Court. From the beginning, I thought the penalty was a tax; I assumed it was called a penalty for political purposes. People would not like the idea of a tax increase. In reality, the penalty is collected in the same manner as a tax, so there are no real differences between the two. I have also gained a newfound respect for Chief Justice John Roberts. I think it is commendable to put the law in front of your personal beliefs. He has done exactly what is expected of a Supreme Court justice. If I were a Supreme Court justice, I would have made he same decision that he and the four liberal justices made. There are two types of consequences this law holds: political and provisional. The provisional consequences of the law are the ones directly stated in the law: a ban on lifetime limits, Medicaid expansion, etc. The political consequences of this law are not explicitly stated, however they can be inferred and speculated upon. There are three major political consequences. The first consequence is that Obama can claim a major victory. He can now say his law withstood a Supreme Court challenge and passed the constitutionality test. A defeat would have been bad for the administration and the campaign. Instead, he has a chance to re-energize his base and reinstate the flow of campaign cash. The second consequence is that now that the law is no longer a legal issue, it becomes a campaign issue. Both Obama and Romney must sell voters on Obamacare. The court ruling could have stir a shift in public opinion among independent voters, and both candidates must appeal to this shift. Obama will insist this law was the right thing to do, while Romney will propose a new healthcare reform bill. The third consequence is that the ruling will enrage Republicans and make them more eager to vote for Romney so he can repeal the law. Voter turnout is expected to be lower than it was in 2008, and anything that can increase the turnout will be beneficial for Romney. This law and its subsequent legal challenge have major political consequences. Whether you live in the 1880s or in the present day, chances are you will need health care at some point in your life. Ever since President Roosevelt proposed universal health care back in the 1930s, many politicians have tried to pass it into law. Until the ACA, it was considered politically impossible; the idea just did not appeal to voters. The law has withstood a major legal challenge, and it will be up to Obama and Romney to convince independent voters that their version of healthcare reform is the best. If Obama wins the election, in 2014 everyone that can afford it must buy health insurance, whether they want to or not. If they don’t, they will pay a tax equivalent to 1% of their income. If Romney wins the election, he will try to repeal the ACA and replace it with a reform package of his own. Only time will tell what will happen.